Here are a few articles about different reasoning and logic when conducting the scientific method.
Links
[1] https://explorable.com/reasoning-and-logic
[2] https://explorable.com/users/oskar
[3] https://explorable.com/hypothetico-deductive-method
[4] https://explorable.com/falsifiability
[5] https://explorable.com/testability
[6] https://explorable.com/deductive-reasoning
[7] https://explorable.com/inductive-reasoning
[8] https://explorable.com/raven-paradox
[9] https://explorable.com/scientific-reasoning
[10] https://explorable.com/causal-reasoning
[11] https://explorable.com/abductive-reasoning
[12] https://explorable.com/post-hoc-reasoning
[13] https://explorable.com/defeasible-reasoning