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You are going to experience an example of a powerful afterimage. Just focus your eyes on ONE PART of the picture you'll see on the next screen, and HOLD YOUR GAZE on that spot WITHOUT MOVING your eyes or head for 30 seconds until the picture disappears. Then there will be a blank white display. Just watch the whiteness and a picture of a saintly figure should appear. Try BLINKING to refresh the saintly figure if he fades. Click the "Next Page" tab to start.

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If you were lucky, you'll have seen a Jesus-like portrait appear agaist the white screen. That portrait was an example of a visual afterimage. In this study we are going to use afterimages to help us understand other kinds of visual images. Read on if you want to take part!

This study

Thanks for taking part. To navigate through this study, click on the "NEXT PAGE" tab that you'll find at the bottom of each screen. Sometimes you'll have to use the right scroll bar to move through instructions or questions until you get to the "NEXT PAGE" tab. Sometimes the screen image will change without you having to do anything. Please don't hit the return key.

Is this your first run through the study, or have you tried it before? *

I have tried it before.

This is my first time.

What is you age? *

What is your gender? *

Female

Male

Is English either your mother tongue or the language you use most? *

Yes

Visual imagery

This experiment studies how people differ in their experience of "visual imagery" in their mind's eye. By "visual images", we mean your ability to picture in your head what things look like, just from memory. An example is your ability to picture what somebody looks like.

Your task!

We are going to ask you to compare your visual imagery to another kind of visual sensation called an afterimage. Afterimages occur when we stare at a bright display for a while, without moving our eyes, and then look away or close our eyes. Usually we then feel as if we have a kind of negative image of the thing we were staring at, visible on the "back of our eyes".

Lights out - Don't be disturbed for 25-30 minutes

The whole procedure will take about 25-30 minutes. Please ensure that you will not be disturbed during that time, and that light conditions in the room won't change. Try to sit at the same distance from your computer screen throughout the experiment, ideally about an arms length. Avoid sitting somewhere very bright. Turn off the lights.

(Following these recommendations will maximise how effective the demonstrations are.)

Before we start, a few questions about YOUR everyday experience of visual images in your mind's eye. It will only take a few minutes!

Read each description below and indicate the degree to which each is appropriate for YOU. Do not spend a lot of time thinking about each description, but respond based on your thoughts about how you perform each activity. There are 5 response options for each description. If a description is always completely appropriate for you, please chose "5"; if it is never appropriate, chose "1"; if it is appropriate about half of the time, chose "3"; and use the other numbers accordingly. To make your choice, click somewhere on the scales to activate a slider that you can drag to your chosen position.

A) When going to a new place, I prefer directions that include detailed descriptions of landmarks (such as the size, shape and color of a gas station) in addition to their names. *

B) If I catch a glance of a car that is partially hidden behind bushes, I automatically "complete it," seeing the entire car in my mind's eye. *

C) If I am looking for new furniture in a store, I always visualize what the furniture would look like in particular places in my home. *

D) I prefer to read novels that lead me easily to visualize where the characters are and what they are doing instead of novels that are difficult to visualize. *

E) When I think about visiting a relative, I almost always have a clear mental picture of him or her. *

F) When relatively easy technical material is described clearly in a text, I find illustrations distracting because they interfere with my ability to visualize the material. *

G) If someone were to tell me two-digit numbers to add (e.g., 24 and 31), I would visualize them in order to add them. *

H) Before I get dressed to go out, I first visualize what I will look like if I wear different combinations of clothes. *

I) When I think about a series of errands I must do, I visualize the stores I will visit. *

J) When I first hear a friend's voice, a visual image of him or her almost always springs to mind. *

K) When I hear a radio announcer or DJ I've never actually seen, I usually find myself picturing what they might look like. *

L) If I saw a car accident, I would visualize what had happened when later trying to recall the details. *

The next questions are from the QMI (Questionnaire on Mental Imagery). The QMI is one of the more well known scales that has been used to measure the clarity and vividness of mental imagery.

Try to visualize a mental image of a friend you see on a regular basis. Then indicate how clear and vivid each of the following aspects of your visual imagery are:

The characteristic lines of the face, head, shoulders and upper body? *

The most characteristic positioning of the head and the body? *

The characteristic behavior while walking / stepping (e.g., strode length)? *

The various colors of clothes that are worn often? *

And finally...

How clear and vivid is the visual image you hold before your eyes when you think of a setting sun? *

Your score

We will calculate average scores over groups of questions to obtain estimates of the extent to which you experience visual imagery in your everyday life. Are you curious about your results? At the end of the experiment you will receive a feedback about your visual imagery. So stay tuned!

Soundcheck

For the main experiment, you need to be able to hear a couple of different sounds. One is a BEEP. The other is white noise. To check your volume is high enough to hear both sounds comfortably, press each play button below. You can do this as many times as you want. If needed, adjust your computer volume setting.

Is your computer now set so that you able to hear both sounds? *

Yes

Now practice seeing afterimages

Continue for a set of instructions.

1. Preview of your afterimage stimulus

You'll see an F on your screen. Note the little cross in the middle of this letter.

2. How to get a good afterimage - Important!

Next you'll see this F displayed for 30 seconds. Focus your eyes on the little white cross in the middle of this letter. This needs concentration. If you feel your eyes wandering, then try to quickly bring them back to focus again on the same spot.

3. Watch the afterimage forming

After the 30 seconds is up you'll hear a BEEP and the letter will be replaced by a black background for 30 seconds. Stare at this. After a few moments, you will probably begin to "see" a light F. Just experience this afterimage until the black background disappears. Note that the afterimage might seem to "float around" a bit. This is because it moves with your eyes, and your eyes usually wander about unless you try really hard to fix your focus on one spot. Blinking your eyes can help the afterimage to form, and can sometimes help it to come back again if it has faded away.

In summary

- Watch the F until you hear a BEEP.
- Keep your eyes on the cross in the middle of the letter.
- Keep your head at the same distance from the screen.
- After the BEEP, watch the afterimage develop on the black background
- Try blinking sometimes to regenerate the afterimage.

OK, here we go

When you are sitting comfortably, press the NEXT tab to begin watching the letter F.

Did you experience an afterimage of the letter F? *

Yes

Not sure

Experience an afterimage with eyes CLOSED

Now try this again, but instead of watching the afterimage on a black screen, try to watch it on the "back of your eyelids" while your eyes are closed.

Everything is as before except:

- When you hear the BEEP, close your eyes.
- Soft white noise will play during the "eyes-closed" period. Keep your eyes closed.
- When the white noise stops you will also hear a second BEEP. Open your eyes again.
- To help the afterimage, try screwing your eyes while they are shut, or placing your hand over your shut eyes to make a dark shadow then removing it again.

OK, here we go

When you are sitting comfortably, press the NEXT tab to begin watching the letter F.

Did you experience an afterimage of the letter F? *

Yes

Not sure

Now Two Letters At Once

Next we'd like you to try and form an afterimage of 2 letters at once, again with eyes closed. You'll see two capital A letters, with a little cross between them, again for 30 seconds. As before, try to focus your gaze on the cross the whole time. When you hear a beep, close your eyes and experience your afterimage. When you hear a second beep, open them again.

In summary:

1) Watch the two A letters until you hear a BEEP.

- When watching, focus your eyes on the cross between the two letters and try not to move them.
- Keep your head at the same distance from the screen throughout the 30 seconds.

2) Close your eyes after the BEEP

- Watch how the afterimage develops then fades away.
- Try sometimes blinking or briefly holding hand over eyes to regenerate the afterimage.
- White noise will play during this period.

3) Open your eyes when you hear the second BEEP

- The second beep will sound about 30 seconds after the first one.

OK, here we go

When you are sitting comfortably, press the NEXT tab to begin watching the two A letters.

Did you experience an afterimage of BOTH the A letters? *

1. Yes

2. Not sure

3. No

Imagine an afterimage - 'CAT'

You will now see the word 'CAT' displayed briefly, with white letters on a black background. The display will probably be too brief to give rise to a strong afterimage. As soon as the word 'CAT' disappears and you hear a beep, close your eyes and try to imagine that same display in your mind's eye as clearly and vividly as you can. You'll near the white noise playing during this period.

You'll have about 30 seconds to try and form an image. Try the best you can, and open your eyes again after the second beep.

In summary:

1) Watch the brief display showing the word 'CAT'.

2) Close your eyes after the first BEEP and try to imagine this same word in your mind's eye.

- White noise will play during this period.

3) Open your eyes again when you hear the second BEEP.

OK, here we go

When you are ready, press the NEXT tab to begin.

Did you manage to imagine the word 'CAT' in your mind's eye? *

1. Yes

2. Not sure

3. No

What you see - 'C _ T'

Now you will see just the black letters 'C' and 'T' displayed side by side for 30 seconds, on a white background. There will be a cross between the letters. As before, focus your eyes steadily on this cross, trying not to move your gaze. Close your eyes when you hear a beep, and observe the light afterimages of the two letters.

Imagine the missing 'A' in the middle - to make 'CAT'

At the SAME TIME as you experience the afterimages of 'C' and 'T', try to deliberately build a visual image of a white letter 'A' positioned in the blank space between these afterimages, so that it completes the word 'CAT'. In other words, the whole 'picture' in your mind should be made up of the afterimage of 'C', the afterimage of 'T', and the image of 'A' that you generated yourself. OK this sounds a bit weird, but give it a go! White noise will play during this period. A second beep will tell you when to stop trying to do this and open your eyes again.

In summary:

1) Watch the two letters 'C' and 'T' until you hear a BEEP

- When watching, focus your eyes on the cross between the two letters and try not to move them.
- Keep your head at the same distance from the screen throughout the 30 seconds.

2) Close your eyes after the BEEP

- Watch the afterimage of 'C' and 'T' forming.
- Blink or use your hand to regenerate the afterimage when needed.
- White noise will play during this period.

3) At the same time, imagine a white letter 'A' between them to complete the word 'CAT'

- Try to make it as real as the afterimages of 'C' and 'T'.

4) Open your eyes when you hear the second BEEP

- The second beep will sound about 30 seconds after the first one.

OK, here we go

When you are ready, press the NEXT tab to begin.

Did you experience any afterimage of the letters C and T? *

1) Yes

2) Not sure

3) No

Did you manage to create a visual image of the letter A in your mind's eye? *

1) Yes

2) Not sure

3) No

Now think about your experiences

In particular we would like you to focus on the similarity or difference between your experience of the afterimaged 'C' and 'T', compared to the deliberately imaged 'A'.

Please try to compare

(a) Your experience of the imagined letter 'A' when it was at its strongest.

WITH

(b) Your experience of the afterimage of 'C' and 'T' when they were at their strongest.

Use the sliding scales below to indicate how the 'A' differed or resembled the 'C' and 'T'. If a question does not make sense to you, click the UNSURE option at the end of the scale.

My image of the letter A was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the size of my imagined 'A' was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the duration of my imagined 'A' was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the contrast of my imagined 'A' against its background was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the edges of my imagined 'A' were *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the moment to moment stability of my imagined 'A' was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T' in front of my eyes, my visual image of the letter 'A' felt like it was located *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the extent to which my imagined 'A' felt like SEEING something that was "really there" in front of me was *

Please choose whichever one of the following statements best describes your experience: *

I did not have much of a mental image of the 'A' at all.

I had some kind of mental image of the 'A', but even at its strongest, it did not look anything like the afterimages of the 'C' and 'T' when they were at their strongest.

My deliberate mental image of the 'A', at its strongest, looked just like the afterimages of the 'C' and 'T' when they were at their strongest.

None of these options describes my experience very well.

Try it once again - Last chance!

The last exercise was quite complex. Now that you know what to expect, please try it one more time.

In summary:

1) Watch the two letters 'C' and 'T' until you hear a BEEP

- When watching, focus your eyes on the cross between the two letters and try not to move them.
- Keep your head at the same distance from the screen throughout the 30 seconds.

2) Close your eyes after the BEEP

- Watch the afterimage of 'C' and 'T' forming.

3) At the same time, imagine a white letter 'A' between them to complete the word 'CAT'

- Try to make it as real as the afterimages of 'C' and 'T'.

4) Open your eyes when you hear the second BEEP

- The second beep will sound about 30 seconds after the first one.

OK, here we go

When you are ready, press the NEXT tab to begin.

Did you experience any afterimage of the letters C and T? *

1) Yes

2) Not sure

3) No

Did you manage to create a visual image of the letter A in your mind's eye? *

1) Yes

2) Not sure

3) No

Now think about your experiences

In particular we would like you to focus on the similarity or difference between your experience of the afterimaged 'C' and 'T', compared to the deliberately imaged 'A'.

Please try to compare

(a) Your experience of the imagined letter 'A' when it was at its strongest.

WITH

(b) Your experience of the afterimage of 'C' and 'T' when they were at their strongest.

Use the sliding scales below to indicate how the 'A' differed or resembled the 'C' and 'T'. If a question does not make sense to you, click the UNSURE option at the end of the scale.

My image of the letter A was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the size of my imagined 'A' was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the duration of my imagined 'A' was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the contrast of my imagined 'A' against its background was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the edges of my imagined 'A' were *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the moment to moment stability of my imagined 'A' was *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T' in front of my eyes, my visual image of the letter 'A' felt like it was located *

Compared to my afterimage of 'C' and 'T', the extent to which my imagined 'A' felt like SEEING something that was "really there" in front of me was *

Please describe in your own words the difference or similarity between your imagined 'A' and your afterimage of the 'C' and 'T'. Any other comments on this survey are also welcome! It is fine to write in Norwegian.

Please choose whichever one of the following statements best describes your experience: *

I did not have much of a mental image of the 'A' at all.

I had some kind of mental image of the 'A', but even at its strongest, it did not look anything like the afterimages of the 'C' and 'T' when they were at their strongest.

My deliberate mental image of the 'A', at its strongest, looked just like the afterimages of the 'C' and 'T' when they were at their strongest.

None of these options describes my experience very well.

Your imagery in everyday life

Regardless of your experiences of trying to generate deliberate visual images in this experiment, do you ever have visual images that seem "as real" and as "visual" as afterimages when you:

1) Are falling asleep or waking up (but know you ARE awake) *

Not as far as I can remember

Hardly ever

Sometimes

Quite often

1) Are in a normal waking state *

Not as far as I can remember

Hardly ever

Sometimes

Quite often

If you have any additional comments, please write them down in the text-field below:

While you were doing this experiment, was the room you were in... *

While you were doing the experiment, did you... *

Run right through without interuptions or breaks

Get interupted and/or take a break

On the scale below, indicate how hard you tried to generate a mental image in your mind's eye? Zero is not at all, and 100 is as hard as possible. *

Do you feel you answered all the questions as honestly as you could? *

Yes

Did you encounter any technical problems while taking the experiment? *

Yes

Feedback

In the beginning of the experiment you answered several questions about your experiences of mental imagery in everyday life.

Compared to others you scored in the upper third, meaning you report using mental imagery to a large extent in your everyday living.

People vary in terms of which strategies they use for problem solving and thinking in everyday life. You might tend to prefer using mental imagery as one of your main strategies. This can be very useful when working with lots of different tasks, ranging from logical problem solving to putting together a nice outfit. Others report using completely different strategies, like verbal thinking. And others again report using both verbal strategies and mental imagery. These differences are one of the most fascinating things about mental imagery.

Feedback

In the beginning of the experiment you answered several questions about your experiences of mental imagery in everyday life.

Compared to others you scored in the middle third, meaning you report using mental imagery to some extent in your everyday living, but not to a large degree.

People vary in terms of which strategies they use for problem solving and thinking in everyday life. You might prefer using mental imagery as one of your strategies. This can be very useful when working with lots of different tasks, ranging from logical problem solving to putting together a nice outfit. Since you report using mental imagery to a medium extent, you might also prefer using other strategies, such as verbal thinking. Other strategies can be just as useful as mental imagery when it comes to problem solving and thinking in our everyday lives.

Feedback

In the beginning of the experiment you answered several questions about your experiences of mental imagery in everyday life.

Compared to others you scored in the lower third, meaning you do not report using mental imagery to a large degree. But don't worry! A lot of people report the same. For instance, a study found that researchers in the field of social sciences (for instance psychology) rarely used mental imagery; they preferred using verbal strategies.

People vary in terms of which strategies they use for problem solving and thinking in their everyday life. Since you report using mental imagery to a small extent, you might prefer using other strategies, such as verbal thinking. Other strategies are often just as useful as mental imagery when it comes to problem solving and thinking.

What was this all about?

In this experiment we first asked you to report your everyday experiences of visual imagery, and afterwards you completed several tasks, trying to create after-images and voluntary mental images.

We are currently investigating different ways to measure people's visual imagery experience. Mental imagery is a fascinating phenomenon. It is also a "private" subjective experience which probably varies a lot between people, and therefore it is difficult to measure objectively. Our goal is to make a good tool for measuring differences in mental imagery. This experiment is part of a pilot study where we use people's experience of after-images as a reference point against which they can compare the subjective quality of their voluntary imagery. By participating in this study, you have contributed with information that can be used to develop new and better tools for measuring mental imagery. In the future we might be able to better understand what's going on in people's heads when they imagine, dream and fantasize. Imagine that!

Thank you very much for taking part in our experiment. Your contributions are very valuable to our research.

Claim your Godt Brød voucher

If you would like to claim your Godt Brød voucher worth 150 Kr, please enter a contact email below.

If you would be prepared for us to contact you to discuss your experiences during this experiment in more detail, please indicate this below. *

Yes

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